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NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 4: Carbon and Its Compounds (PDF Download) Sep 27, �� NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds. Carbon compounds: Covalent bonding in carbon compounds, Versatile nature of carbon, Homologous series, Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups, (halogens, alcohol, ketones, aldehydes, alkanes, and alkynes), difference between saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated . myboat084 boatplans (Visit for all ncert 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key solutions in text and videos, CBSE syllabus, note and many more) Science Class 10 Notes for Carbon and its Compounds 1. Bonding in Carbon Carbon form covalent bonds. Formation of covalent bond: Covalent bond formation 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key involves sharing of electrons between bonding atoms which may be either same or myboat084 boatplans Size: KB. Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds: The important chemical properties are as follows: 1. Combustion: The complete combustion of 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key carbon compounds in the air gives carbon dioxide water, heat and light. CH 3 CH 2 OH(l) + O 2 (g) > CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) + Heat and light. Carbon 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key trong> burns in air or oxygen to give carbon dioxide and heat and light.
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Nomenclature of Organic Compounds: It is difficult to remember millions of compounds by their individual common name. Identify the Number of Carbon Atoms in the Compound. Chemical Properties 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key of Carbon Compounds: The important chemical properties are as follows: 1. Combustion: The complete combustion of carbon compounds in the air gives carbon dioxide water, heat and light.

Carbon burns in air or oxygen to Ncert Compounds And Carbon Key 10th give carbon dioxide and heat and light. Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a blue flame in the presence of a sufficient supply of air or oxygen. The gas and kerosene stove used at home has inlet 10th Compounds Carbon Key Ncert And 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key Carbon And Key 10th Compounds Ncert for air so that, burnt to given clean blue flame. Due to presence of small amount of nitrogen and sulphur, coal and petroleum produces carbon dioxide with oxides of nitrogen and sulphur which are major pollutant. Oxidation: Oxidation of ethanol in presence of oxidizing agents gives ethanoic acid.

Oxidizing Agent: Some substances are capable of adding oxygen to others, are known as Oxidising Agent. Addition Reaction: Addition of dihydrogen with unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence of catalysts such as nickel or platinum or palladium are known as Hydrogenation addition reaction. Catalyst: Substances that cause a reaction to occur or proceeds to different rate without consuming 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key in it are called a catalyst.

For example; Ni, Pt, Pd, etc. Process of converting vegetable oil into solid fat vegetable ghee is called Hydrogenation of Oil. Substitution Reaction: Replacement of one or more hydrogen atom of an organic molecule by another atom or group of the atom is known as Substitution Reaction.

Physical Properties. Dehydrating agent: Substances which removes water from ethanol alcohols is known as Dehydrating agent. For example; Cone. Uses: As solvent, as antiseptic tincture iodine , as anti-freeze in automobiles. The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is K and hence, it often freezes in cold climate so named as glacial 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key acetic acid.

Chemical Properties i Esterification Reaction: Reaction of ethanoic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a few drops of conc. H 2 SO 4 as catalyst gives a sweet-smelling substance known as 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key Esters, called Esterification reaction.

Esters are used in making perfumes and flavouring agents. Saponification Reaction: Reaction of esters with sodium hydroxide, gives alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic acid soap. This reaction is known as Saponification Reaction. Soap: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids is called Soap. Detergent: Ammonium and sulphonate salts of long chain fatty acids are called Detergent.

Hard and Soft Water: Water that does not produce lather with soap readily is called Hard water and which produces lather with soap is called Soft Water. Hardness of water is due to the presence of bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphate salt of 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key calcium and magnesium. Advantage of Detergents: The main advantage of detergent over soaps is that soaps cannot be used in hard water for washing because hard water reacts with soap to form curdy white precipitate Ncert And 10th Key Compounds Carbon called Scum.

Thus, in hard water, soap does not give lather while detergent does. Cleansing Action of Soaps and Detergents: Both soaps and detergents cantains two parts. A long hydrocarbon part which is hydrophobic water repelling in nature and a short ionic part which is hydrophillic water attracting in nature. The hydrocarbon part of the soap molecule links itself to the oily dirt drop and ionic end orients itself 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key towards water and forms a spherical structure called micelles.

The soap micelles helps in dissolving the dirt in water and wash our clothes. Covalent Bond: A chemical bond formed between two atoms by sharing of 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key valence electrons between two atoms so that each atom acquires the stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas.

Carbon always forms a covalent bond: Atomic no of carbon is 6. So, its configuration is 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key K-2, L Therefore, it should either lose or gain 4 electrons to achieve the noble gas configuration and become stable. However, it is difficult for carbon to gain or lose four electrons because of the 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key following reasons:.

Tetravalency of Carbon: A carbon atom has four electrons in the valence shell. Therefore, carbon forms four covalent bonds, i. Allotropic forms of Carbon: The phenomenon of existence of an element in two 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th And Ncert Key Compounds Carbon or more forms which have different physical properties but identical chemical properties is called allotropy. Three allotropic forms of carbon:. Saturated Compound: Compounds of carbon which have only single bonds between the carbon atoms are 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key called saturated compounds e.

Unsaturated Compound: Compounds of carbon which contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms are called unsaturated compounds e. Homologous series: A family of organic compounds having Carbon 10th Ncert And Key Compounds 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key the same functional group, similar chemical properties and the successive adjacent members differ by a CH 2 unit or 14 mass unit.

Characteristics of a homologous series: All the members of a homologous series can 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key be represented by a general formula. The molecular formula of two successive adjacent members of a homologous series differs by a CH 2 unit. The molecular masses of any two successive members of a homologous 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key series differ by 14 u. All the members of a given homologous series have the same functional group. All the members of a series show similar chemical properties. The members of a homologous series show 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key a gradation in physical properties.

This was done to maintain uniformity throughout the world. The rules for nomenclature are as follows: i Identify the number of carbon atoms in the carbon compound. Name the carbon 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key Compounds Ncert 10th Carbon And Key compounds according to the number of carbon atoms. Example, Saturated hydrocarbon having one carbon atom is named as Methane. Saturated hydrocarbon having two carbon atoms is named as Ethane.

Then write the name of the parent compound:. Cleansing action of soap: The dirt is generally held to the surface of a dirty cloth by a thin film of oil or grease. When a dirty cloth is treated with soap or detergent solution, the non- polar tail of the soap or the detergent dissolve in oil or grease while the polar heads are held by the surrounding water. Soap or detergent micelle is formed with the And Ncert 10th Key Compounds Carbon oily or greasy dirt lying at their Centre Soap or detergent is attracted both by the greasy dirt and water.

When the surface of the cloth is mechanically scrubbed or beaten on a stone 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key or with a wooden paddle or agitated in a washing machine, the loosened oily particle is removed from the dirty surface and the cloth is cleaned. Detergents lower the surface tension of water to a greater extent than soap, therefore the cleansing action of detergent is much higher than those of soaps. In spite of its 10th Ncert Surface Area And Volume Solutions And Pdf small amount available in nature, carbon is a versatile element as it forms the 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key basis for all living organisms and many things which we use.

Allotropes of carbon: The phenomenon by means of which an element can exist in two or more forms, with similar chemical properties but different 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key Key Compounds 10th Ncert Carbon And physical properties are called allotropy and the different forms are called allotropes. Carbon shows three allotropic forms : Note:. Fullerenes: A new category of carbon allotrope, fullerenes are spherical in shape or a soccer ball like. The first fullerene identified was C with 60 carbon atoms arranged like the geodesic dome designed by US architect, Buckminster Fuller, hence these are also known as Buckminster Fullerenes or Bucky Ball structures.

Cause of Compounds Ncert Carbon And 10th Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key versatile nature of carbon: Four main reasons for the versatile nature of carbon are: a Catenation: It is the unique property of self-linkage of carbon atoms by means of covalent bonds to form straight chains, 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key or branched chains, or the rings of different sizes as shown below : b Tetracovalency: Due to small size, and presence of four valence electrons, carbon can form strong bonds with other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulphur, etc.

For example, compounds of carbon with hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. This increases the number of carbon compounds. Question 9. In the above given reaction, alk. Question Butanone is a four 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key carbon compound with functional group [NCERT Exemplar] a carboxylic acid b aldehyde c ketone d alcohol Answer: c In butanone, the functional group is. Which of the following does not belong to the same homologous 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key series?

Thus, C 4 H 10 is the next member of this series. So, C 4 H 8 does not belong to the homologous series. Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane? Since, 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key molecular formula is same, only structures are different. So, i and iii are isomers while structures ii and iv have molecular formulaC 4 H 8.

In a soap micelle, the soap molecules are arranged 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key readily with hydrocarbon ends directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed outwards. Oils on treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst form fats. This is an example of [NCERT Exemplar] 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key And Carbon Compounds Key Ncert 10th a addition reaction b substitution reaction c displacement reaction d oxidation reaction Answer: a Oils are unsaturated compounds containing double bonds. Addition reactions are characteristic property of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

The given reaction is an example 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key Compounds Carbon Key 10th And Ncert 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key of addition reaction. Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with four univalent atoms, e. Atomic number of Ne is Its electronic K L configuration is 2,8. Therefore, after the 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key Compounds And 10th Carbon Ncert Key formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic configuration of neon. Mineral acids are stronger acids than carboxylic acids because i mineral acids are completely ionised.

While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that [NCERT Exemplar] a food is not cooked completely b the fuel is not burning completely c fuel is wet d fuel is burning completely Answer: b 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key The unburnt particles of the fuel present in smoke blacken the vessel from outside. The reaction in which a reagent partially or completely replaces atom or group of atoms from saturated compounds or A are 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key Carbon Compounds Ncert 10th And Key Ncert 10th Carbon Compounds And Key called B reaction.

Here, A and B respectively refers to a unsaturated compounds, addition b unsaturated compounds, substitution c benzene, substitution d alkene, addition Answer: c Substitution reaction is usually given by saturated compounds and 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key benzene.

Unsaturated compounds usually give addition reactions. Which structure do the ester compounds in the table have in common? Answer: d All esters have the common structure of carboxylic group represented by the suffix date. Carbon 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key is an important constituent of the foods, fuels, household and commercial articles, textile fabrics, perfumes, explosives, dyes, war gases etc. Allotropes of Carbon An element, in different forms, having different physical properties but similar chemical properties is known as allotropes of that element.

Carbon has three well known allotropes which are graphite, diamond and buck minster fullerene. Fullerene: This is another class of carbon allotropes. The first one to be identified was C which has carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a football. Since this looked like the geodesic dome designed by the US architect Buckminster Fuller, the molecule was named fullerene.

Unsaturated 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key Key Compounds Carbon Ncert 10th And And Compounds 10th Ncert Carbon Key hydrocarbons: Compounds consist of a single, double or triple bond between carbon-carbon atoms. Cycloalkanes: These hydrocarbons possess one or multiple carbon rings. The hydrogen atom is attached to the carbon ring. Aromatic hydrocarbons: These 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key are also called as arenes.

Arenes are compounds which consist of at least one aromatic ring. Soaps: Ester of higher fatty acids is called soap. It is manufactured by the reaction of caster of higher fatty acid with sodium hydroxide. The sodium salt so formed has cleansing property. Detergents: Soap cannot form lather in hard water. To overcome this problem, detergents were introduced.

Detergent is also known as soapless soap. Detergent is sodium salt of benzene sulphonic acid or sodium salt of long chain alkyl hydrogen sulphate. Oxidation Reactions: Though combustion is generally an oxidation reaction, not all oxidation reactions are combustion reactions.

Oxidation is 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key also carried out by using oxidizing agents Oxidants. Addition reactions: Unsaturated organic compounds, like alkenes and alkynes, undergo addition reactions to become saturated in nature. Substitution reactions are single displacement reactions.

If you have any 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key query regarding this article or NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science, leave your comments in the comment section below and we will get back to you as soon possible. Answer: Question 2 What would be electron dot structure of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur. Answer: Page Number: 68 � 69 Question 1 How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane? Answer: i Bromoethane ii 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key Methanal iii 1 � Hexyne Page Number: 71 Question 1 Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?

Page Number: 74 Question 1 How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key and a carboxylic acid? Answer: Differences between alcohol and carboxylic acid Test Alcohol Carboxylic acid i Litmus test No change in colour.

Blue litmus solution turns red. Does not happen so. Page Number: 76 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key Question 1 Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent? Answer: Question 6 What is a homologous series? Cooking oil decolourises bromine water showing that it is an unsaturated compound.

Butter does not decolourise bromine water showing that it is a saturated compound. Solution: Question 2 What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur, which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? Solution: Question 6 Draw the structures for the following compounds.

Hexanal Solution: Question 7 How would you name the following compounds? Hexyne Question 8 Why is the conversion of ethanol to Ethanoic 10th Compounds Carbon Key And Ncert 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key acid an oxidation reaction? Question 12 Draw the electron dot structures for- Solution: Question 13 What is a homologous series?

Butter saturated compound does not decolourise bromine water Question 22 Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps. Butanone is a four carbon compound with functional group [NCERT Exemplar] a carboxylic acid b aldehyde c ketone d alcohol Answer: c In butanone, the functional group is Question The table gives information about some esters and the fragrance they produce.

Graphite: In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane giving a hexagonal array. One of these bonds is a double-bond, and thus the valency of carbon is satisfied.

Graphite structure is formed by the hexagonal arrays being placed in layers one above the other. Unlike other non-metals graphite is a very good conductor of electricity. Diamond: In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms forming a rigid three-dimensional structure.

Diamond is the hardest substance known while graphite is smooth and slippery. Diamonds 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key can be synthesized by subjecting pure carbon to very high pressure and temperature. These synthetic diamonds are small but are otherwise indistinguishable from natural diamonds. Carbon shares its four valence electrons with other atoms of 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key carbon or with atoms of other elements. These electrons contributed by the atoms, for mutual sharing in order to acquire the stable noble gas configuration is called covalencv of that atom.

Hence, carbon shows tetracovalency. The simplest molecule formed by sharing of electrons i. Versatile Nature of Carbon Catenation: It is the unique property of self linkage of carbon atoms by means of covalent bonds to form straight chains, or 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key branched chains, or the rings of different sizes. Tetracovalency: Due to small size, and presence of four valence electrons, carbon can fonn strong bonds with other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulphur, etc.

For 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key Compounds Ncert 10th Key Carbon And example, compounds of carbon with hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. Multiple Bond Formation: Due to small size, it forms multiple bonds i. Isomerism: The phenomenon by means of which the carbon compounds with same molecular formula 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key show different structures, and properties.

Prefix is added for only Halo group and for rest of the functional groups suffix is added. Properties of Ethanol Ethanol exists in liquid state at room temperature. Even a 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key small quantity of ethanol if consumed can causes drunkenness. Being a good solvent, it is also used in medicines like tincture of iodine, cough syrups, and many other tonics.

Reaction with sodium � Properties of Ethanoic Acid Ethanoic acid commonly known as acetic acid belongs to a group of carboxylic acids. It is extensively used as a preservative in pickles. Pure ethanoic acid has a melting point of K 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key due to which it often freezes in cold climates giving rise to its name as glacial acetic acid.

These compounds have similar chemical properties due to the presence of same kind of functional group. For e. The series like methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and so on is also a homologous series.

The functional group attached to these compounds is alcohol. For example, butane and isobutene. Carbon and its compounds have 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key their key features also like if we classify it as. Carbon compounds: The compounds which have carbon in its molecular formula. If we classify it, we found organic and inorganic Compounds i Inorganic compounds:- It is a typical compound that lack carbon hydrogen bonds in it.

Hydrocarbon:- In which we found both hydrogen and carbon in its molecular formulas. For example: -CH 4 , C 2 H 6 etc,. Saturated 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key compounds are those carbon compounds that have carbon atoms bonded single bonds and in unsaturated compounds the carbon atoms are bonded by double or triple bonds. A Alicyclic i Cycloalkane: alkane is in cyclic 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key form ii Cycloalkene: cyclic form of alkene iii Cycloalkyne: cyclic form of alkyne.

B Aromatic compound: They have the ring structure and they have specific aroma or smell for e. Isomers of pentane:- These 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key are the same molecular formula with different structures like in C 5 H 12 having the same formula but with different structure. The structure in which outer most electrons of elements are represented in Key Compounds 10th Ncert And Carbon the form of dot or cross or they encircled to satisfy the outermost electronic configuration up to 8.

In this carbon and compounds notes, there are some important topics like Electron dot structure of CO 2 and Electron dot structure of Cyclopentane. In this picture you see a cross which denotes the 4 or tetra valence electron of carbon c and on the other side dots are signs of 6 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key valence electrons of oxygen, both carbon and oxygen are mutually sharing there electron pairs to satisfy its octet.

Homologous series: - the homologues series is a sequence of compound that has the functional group and they exhibit similar chemical and physical properties. Longest chain of the carbon chain will be considered as a parent chain.

From which branch seems to close the main chain numbering will start from them 3. We will use prefixes if we find more than one branch like tri, tetra etc. Alphabetical order should be maintained. Chemical Properties of Carbon and its Compounds A. Combustion reaction:- A lot of Carbon and its compounds on its reaction with oxygen leads to the evolution of large amount of carbon dioxide and heat this reaction is also known as oxidation reaction.

Oxidation reaction:- The Carbon and its 10th Ncert Carbon And Compounds Key Compounds on heating undergoes compete oxidation that means it add more oxygen in it one of the classic example of this scenario when alcohols are reacted with potassium paramagnet it completely oxidize into carboxylic acid.

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